Understand developing technologies in the television and film industries.

Analogue
An analog TV signal is made up of a video signal broadcast on AM radio waves, and an audio signal broadcast on FM waves. Analog technology is currently being replaced by digital technology throughout the world.
Analog broadcasts have an aspect ratio of 4:3

Digital
There are a number of different ways to receive digital television. One of the oldest means of receiving DTV (and TV in general) is using an antenna. There is also digital cable and digital satellite.

Pay per View
Pay per view is a way that people can pay to watch television in their homes. Common events include movies, sporting events, and pornographic movies.

High Definition
High-definition television is a television broadcasting system which uses a higher resolution than a normal television. Higher quality. 16:9 aspect ratio. Most HDTV use digital signals.

Satellite

Satellite television is a way of sending television signals. It is a satellite in space. The satellite then transmits that signal back to earth. People with a satellite dish can receive the signals. Sky is an example of this.

Cable
Cable television is a way of letting people watch television without having to get signals from an antenna. The television signals are brought to the television through a cable, usually underground.

Research and Justifications

Research and Justifications


Audience information
Audience measurement measure how many people are in an audience. Usually in relation to radio listens and television viewers, and newspaper magazine readers. This helps broadcasters and advertisers know who is listening rather than how many.
Ratings point is a measure of viewership of a particular television program.
Questionnaires are also a successful way to collect information from the audience, to find out ages range, gender and practically any information you want.

Sources of information
A rate card is a document containing prices and descriptions for the various ad placement options available from a media.
Advertisers information packs provides rate cards, insertion dates, publication dates etc. All the information you need to plan your advertising.

Audience Classification
Demographics are statistical information about groups of people, often looking at gender, race etc. Physchographics are a study of personality, lifestyle, interests, and attitudes.
Geo-demographics are the study of grouping people in a geographical area, often used in market research.

Regulations
The Advertising Standards Authority is the UK’s independent regulator of advertising. The ASA act against complaints and misleading, harmful offensive advertisements. Ofcom is the communications regulator.
They regulate the TV and radio sectors, fixed line telecoms, mobiles, postal services, plus the airwaves over which wireless devices operate.

Cover Letter

Dear Ms Rose Judeh-Elwell

I am interested in the Digital Media Video Editor position advertised on indeed.com

I am currently studying a Btec Media course in college as well as photography and graphics, showing creativity, i can work individually and in a team or group. Editing is what I enjoy most, whether it be a video or a photo. I enjoy experimenting to see what i can change and create.

I would love to be a part of your team, working with new people and developing new skills. You have stated the programmes we need to be able to use, i am comfortable on any programme once i've found my way around it!

I have attached my CV and am available for an interview at your convenience. I look forward to hearing from you.

Many thanks,

Alice

Is television news a 'Window on the world'

The news always has a starting sequence. In a starting sequence you would usually see clocks, transparent objects, eyes, you would hear a fast paced beat or music. The transparent objects could be seen as looking through the work, the clocks could means, this minute, right now, this is happening. They also often show the set, lighting, cameras etc to show it is real life and truthful.

Understand the Nature and Purposes of Research in the Creative Media Industries

Primary Research/Self-Generated Research

Primary research is where it's new information, newly collected, not already existent. Information gathered from questionnaires, surveys and quizzes is considered primary research.

Market And Production Research in the Media Industry

The purpose of Market Research in the media industry is to determine whether a product will be accepted among different demographics, e.g. gender, age, location, culture, income levels and many other variables. It is a systematic process used to discover facts and opinions about the specific area you wish to research.

Market research can also help to establish a reason as to why a product is not selling to one particular demographic but is selling to another. It can also be used to establish whether a particular genre of game is more popular than another.

There are two major types of research; Qualitative and Quantitative.

Qualitative Research

''Qualitative research seeks out the 'why', not the 'how' of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information''. It is used to determine attitudes and behaviors and does not just rely on analysis of statistics carried out through Quantitative Research.

For Example; If you wanted to determine 'why' a particular game was purchased by more males than females you would use 'Qualitative Research'.

Qualitative Research techniques include face to face interviews, questionnaires that ask the consumer to write their opinions, customer feedback forms and visual media. When using the medium of a questionnaire you would ask open questions opposed to leading questions or questions with set answers. Qualitative questionnaires, if well constructed, can be used to extract specific information. Analyzing this information can be time consuming as it would involve having to identify recurring themes and determining meaning. Once this research has been analysed it would often evolve into Quantitative Research. ''Once enough qualitative research is gathered, it discovers sentiments that can be tested across a wide range of respondents, giving rise to Quantitative Research.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative Research seeks out the 'how' of its topic through structured information. It is used to determine how people feel, think or act in a particular way. You can use Quantitative Research to determine how you could improve your next game to reach both the male and female market.

Quantitative Research techniques include questionnaires with mainly closed questions or questions with set responses. The most commonly used techniques for collecting Quantitative data are on-street or telephone interviews.

an example of quantitative research could be to determine the most popular genre of games today. To do this you would carry out a closed question questionnaire. This type of questionnaire would have questions with set choices to make, e.g. Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree.

''Quantitative data can be used effectively without the need for complex statistical analysis'' If using the closed question questionnaire you would count up each column to work out the averages and percentages etc.

To summarize market Research is a tool used to ensure that the overall concept is not based on gut feeling or intuition, but on consumer's opinions, hard data and statistics. It is used to alleviate the risk of a product being unmarketable to ensure minimal financial risk. "Market research is a systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about a particular target market, competition, and/ or environment. It always incorporates some form of data collection''. That could be of a quantitative nature, e.g. statistical analysis using a questionnaire or a qualitative nature, the investigation of people's thoughts and feelings, through the use of interviews or focus groups for example.

Data Gathering Agencies

The roles of data gathering agencies are are responsible in collecting and maintaining company-specific data and operating data entry devices. Data gathering or data collection is the process of gathering and collecting information. Information is collected, to keep on record and is used to make decisions plus sell the information to others. Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) is an example of  an organisation that compiles audience measurement and television ratings in the UK.

Audience and Market Research

Market research is research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of good or services from producer to consumer.
Audience Profiling finding out the profile of your audience before hand so that you can put across your message to the right people in the most effective way to produce the best result. It might include details like age, sex, educational qualification, work experience, financial background, field of work, interests, mood, orientation, bias, food habits, religious background, physique, health condition etc.
Demographics are statistical information about human populations (groups of people).Such as gender, race, etc

Production Research 

Production research is  the collection and analysis of information for the content and production of a media product. Production research is always needed when developing a new product. It is research to help give information on the characteristics of the product. The purpose of production research is so that the producers are able to see what the consumer is wanting and how you can offer that to them. The main people who carry out this research are the producers and researchers.

CV

Job roles in the television and film industries

Letter

1 Somerton Road

Winterton On Sea

Norfolk

NR29 4AW
9th July 2013

Dear Mr Cook

I am writing to you to point out the contractual, legal and ethical issues with your job advertisement. In your advert you are very broad, and would be found difficult to apply and example would be the amount of hours, you are asking between 10 and 45 hours a week which is extremely broad, there is a huge difference between just 10 hours and week and 45… Also the salary £15000 - £35000. You are also very ageist asking for people of the age below 30, what does age matter. Discrimination against age, race or gender is illegal.

'The Equality Act' is designed to protect people from discrimination in the workplace. It replaced other laws such as 'Sex Discrimination Act' 1975 and 'Dissability Discrimination Act' 1995 for just one law called 'The Equality Law' Which i believe when you are asking for people age below 30 and only those who have christian view you are going against The Equality Law.

Employers are responsible for the safety and well being of their employees. Employees may be injured at work or they may become ill as a result of their work while in your employment. They can claim compensation if they believe the employer is responsible. The Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 ensures a minimum level of insurance cover against any such claims. Trade unions exist to protect the rights and interests of workers. You have to be a member of a union to get those benefits so members pay yearly fees.

Codes of practice are not part of the law. They exist to protect the consumer or the citizen and have a powerful role in television and film. You have stated female victims and male offenders which is sexist. What are you trying to say? Only men are rapists? This only sets a bad stereotype. This links in with how different people are portrayed in the media.
Employers are responsible for drawing up policies, procedures and codes of practice that are specific to individual institutions. CoP are designed to promote good practice and to avoid legal issues 'down the line'

You can put codes of practice and policies and procedures in place to avoid legal issues. These a more or less just rules, like not wearing stiletto heels to work to avoid any accidents. If this is clearly stated and an employee has an accidents and harms themselves you are covered, and they cant claim compensation.

I feel you're proposed video has gone against Ofcoms broadcasting policy, it has a section on protecting under 18's and harm and offence. I believe the content you are asking the applicant to produce could affect the audience. Ofcom states ‘Material that might seriously impair the physical, metal or moral development of people under eighteen must not be broadcast.’ i feel that what you are asking for is far too obscene for those under 18 and could affect and offend the viewers in the way you are portraying men and women. So i highly suggest that you re think your idea.

I hope you take this letter into consideration...

Yours sincerely

Alice Shaw

Documentary Mini Task

A documentary is a video or audio recording documenting a true story or an interesting topic.

The purpose of an expository documentary is to inform the audience about a subject. Contains original and archive footage. Camera crew are invisible to the audience, tightly scripted often a voice over narration. An Inconvenient Truth is an example of an expository documentary because it relies on verbal commentary

Observational documentaries record people in their natural environment, aims for a greater degree of naturalness. An example of an observation documentary is ’16 and pregnant.’ This is a good example because it is filmed in their homes and is about there lives at that point in time, we watch them living their lives there and then.

In Interactive documentaries the filmmakers presence is fully acknowledged, almost emphasized. Become the character and author. The film maker may or may not take sides if there is conflict. There can be problems with interactive documentaries such as access to people and locations. Sometimes they resort to filming in secret which will obviously cause legal problems as you need legal permissions. Access and privacy can effect the production, you need to get wirtten permissions to interview people and places you want to use, if you are not allowed these permissions then you will have to pick a different location and people which could lead to a complete change to the production.  "Kurt and Courtney" is an example of an interactive documentary.

In a reflexive documentary the film makers acknowledges the presenter in front of the camera and provide a narrative to the documentary. Tend to be the most truthful as they focus on realism and try to show things how they actually happen without editing. An example of a reflexive documentary is 'Man with a movie camera'  A cameraman travels around a city with a camera slung over his shoulder. We rarely see any of the footage, the camera man is the act of shooting.

In a performative documentary the film crew creates many of the events and situations to be filmed by their own intervention. A lot of re-enactments. An example of a performative documentary is Danube Exodus (1999) by Peter Forgacs. In a performative documentary the use of re-enactments and dramatizations are used to show the viewers what really happens so they can visualize what is or was going on. Problems with this is that people may be confused whether or not the clip is real.

Ownership

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB)
public service broadcasting refers to broadcasting which is intended for the public and will benefit rather than for purely commercial concerns. its the opposite of commercial, serving rather than exploiting. BBC is funded by the licence fee to avoid commercial pressures and accusation of propaganda. BBC first began broadcasting in 1926.

Commercial broadcasting
Commercial broadcasting is also known as private broadcasting. The first commercial channel in the UK was ITV in 1954. The audience is the product it sells to advertisers.

Corporate Ownership

Corporate ownership is one of three broad categories of legal ownership of a business. Can involve any number of owners but turns the business into a corporation. An example or a corporation is the BBC.

Private ownership

Companies that aren't owned by the government. They have private stockholders. An example is Time Warner.

Global Companies
The media industries are controlled by very few companies. This is called concentration of ownership. Most of the worlds media is owned by 6 companies. They are:

• Viacom
• Time Warner
• The Walt Disney Studios
• Sony Pictures Entertainment
• NBC Universal
• News Corporation

Vertical Integration
Vertical integration is when a media company owns other companies in the different sectors of the same industry. for example:
The film industry has 3 sectors, production, distribution and exhibition. Time Warner owns a studio in the production sector (Warner Studios) a distribution company (Warner Distribution) and did also own cinemas in the exhibition sector but had to sell these in the UK because of laws against full vertical integration. 

Horizontal Integration

This is when a company buys other companies in the same sector of an industry for example if Time Warner purchased another film studio to add to Warner studios which they already own they would be horizontal integrating.

Monopoly

When a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. The BBC were monopoly for nearly 40 years. It is full horizontal integration and rarely happens because there are laws against monopolies. 


Licence fee
A fee paid for a licence in general such as the fee paid for a television licence.

One Off purchase
Paying for something only once, such as DVD, Blu-Ray

Subscription
An advance payment in order to receive or participate in something.

Pay per view
Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is a way that people can pay to watch events on television in their homes. The event is shown at the same time to everyone ordering it.

Advertising
Advertising is a way a company encourages people to buy goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor, and performed through a variety of media.

Sponsorship 
To sponsor something is to support an event. An example is Surf sponsors the TV series The Only Way Is Essex (TOWIE)

Product placement
When a product is featured within a film. Such as you might be watching a film and the character could be drinking a can of coke. This is product placement.

Private capital
Private capital typically comes from individual investors or private capital groups that fund certain business operations. Many private capital lenders provide financing for start up companies.


Crowd funding
Crowd funding is an alternative method of raising finance for a business. Raising finance by asking a large number of people each for a small amount of money.

Three Minute Wonder

Cyber-bullying Documentary

ASK FM SUICIDE

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2308395/Ask-fm-This-week-15-year-old-boy-killed-hounded-No-wonder-mothers-want-banned.html

http://www.sott.net/article/254750-Teenager-commits-suicide-in-response-to-Ask-fm-online-bullying

Documentary Idea

For my proposed three minute documentary I'm going to explain about the importance of stopping cyber-bullying and why it's supposed to be a really big deal for society. I'll talk about how bullying can affect different people, emotionally and psychologically, and I will list a variety of ways in which it should be stopped. I will also conduct an interview with a victim of cyber-bullying, but I will edit it so that their face isn't shown, so that way it'll be a kind of voice-over method. Another thing that I will aim to do in this documentary is to convey all the facts and figures for online bullying, and make it sound as emphasized as possible, so that it's proved to be a very important issue for society.

The primary audience for my documentary is for any victims of online bullying, or anyone involved. Secondary audience would be any college staff/authority figures.

The purpose of the proposed documentary is to raise awareness of the importance of bullying, and to help stop it altogether.

The format of the documentary will be observational.

advert analysis

Advert Analysis Poster - Haribo and Evian

PG Tips Advert

EVALUATION

We collected feedback through paper questionnaires and by word of mouth. We got positive and negative feedback...
Negatives - Too long winded, got a little boring, difficult to understand, audience couldn't make much sense of the advert. They said we needed some kind of catchy tune playing in the background to make it more memorable. Acting could have been improved.
Positives - Compliments on some of our shots we used, creative. Continuity was good in most places.
I agree with the feedback we got, i never really understood the idea of the advert clearly myself! If i were to do this again i would have changed the whole concept of the advert completely.
I believe our advert could have an impact on the appropriate audience to buy the product for those who understood the advert - perhaps we could have added a voice over to help understanding.
The camera work is smooth and each shot is flowed with the next, but the sound is difficult to hear and is mumbled. Editing sound was found difficult, and cutting the shots to the appropriate length and for them to flow into eachother but i believe he overall look of the advert works well. the continuity throughout was pretty much perfect; the mise-en-scene in the advert was also good because it was a classroom situation with rowdy students who aren’t paying the teacher any attention. The effectiveness of persuasion techniques i believe failed miserably! The advert was too difficult to understand, confused out target audience. The message we were trying to get across is that it is cool to drink tea as a teenager, its not something old people do! Which is why we used teens in our advert so that the audience could relate. I believe our advert is fit for purpose although it did go over the 30 second limit, but it had no other issue with it. It caused no harm or offence, it was suitable for children, and it’s not misleading and has no effect to political or controversial matters.

Pre Production Paper Work

Talent Release 

Talent Release - Minor Role

Talent Release

Risk Assessement

Props List. Costume and Budget

Production Schedule

Location Recce

Storyboard

Locations

Props List

Props List

• Ø  Newspaper
• Ø  PG tips box + tea bags.
• Ø  Pack of cards
• Ø  Mobile Phones
• Ø  Tea cups
• Ø  Video game?
• Ø  Pen
• Ø  Headphones
• Ø  Chewing gum
• Ø  Biscuits
• Ø  Kettle
• Costumes
• Ø  Casual Clothes
• Ø  Teachers clothes
• Ø  Hoody
• Ø  Posh clothes (possibility)
• Budget: £5
• Ø  Pack of biscuits
• Ø  Chewing gum
• Ø  Newspaper
• Ø  PG Tips box

Shot List

Shot list

1) Wide long shot of teacher walking down corridor towards classroom with PG tips under his right arm

2) Close up tracking shot of front of teacher’s feet walking down corridor

3) Close up tracking shot of back of teacher’s feet walking down corridor

4) Medium close up shot of teacher’s face walking down corridor

5) Close up of PG tips under right arm

6) Long shot of classroom door INT. door starts to open

7) Match on action, OTS establishing shot of teacher standing in door way looking into classroom.

8) Medium long shot pan of classroom

9) Close up of student on phone

10) Close up of student listening to rap music

11) Close up of student chewing gum

12) Medium close up of group of students discussing a video game

13) Medium close up pan of teacher coming into the classroom

14) Extreme close up of PG tips being placed on the teacher’s desk

15) Close up of teacher preparing to right on the board

16) Extreme close up of teacher’s pen not working

17) Close up of teacher huffing to himself then noticing everyone being silent

18) Medium shot of teacher turning round

19) Medium panning shot of classroom, students all drinking tea

20) Close up of student on phone reading news paper

21) Close up of student listening to rap music listening to classical music

22) Medium shot of students who were talking about a video game playing cards using tea bags as chips

23) Close up of student chewing gum about to eat a biscuit that has been dunked in the tea but falls back into the tea

24) Long shot of teacher and pupils looking back at each other

25) Close up of teabags with slogan up it, and then a student peeks above the desk and then grabs the teabags   

Questionnaire Results

Questionnaire

Advert Synopsis

Advert Synopsis
A teacher is walking down a corridor in school/college and he enters his classroom and the class are misbehaving (throwing aeroplanes etc) and places a bod of PG Tips, the teacher then moves towards a whiteboard and tries to write on the board but the pen doesn't work, the teacher groans and as the teacher slowly turns around the class are quiet, that have changed, we then get some close up shots of the students which will be doing different activities like reading the paper, playing cards with tea bags and drinking tea. The students have changed from being noisy, throwing things, on their phones to drinking tea. The final shot is a close up of the PG tips box and a student pops up and collects a tea bag from the box.

research

Ideas

Ideas generation - mind map, group discussion (synopsis of our groups chosen idea)

Initial plans and proposal

Our chosen idea is to advertise PG Tips to the younger generation. So teenagers around our age. To do this we decided the characters in the advert need to be our target audience age range. The advert is located in a school/college classroom.The teacher walks in with a box of PG Tips and places them on the table by their kettle, ready to make a cuppa tea during the lesson. The teachers class happens to be really loud and are misbehaving. Chavs listening to music, headphones in, shouting across tables, students texting etc. Teacher is writing the date on the white board, but then pen has run out so he has to leave the room to collect a new white board pen. When he re enters the room the students have all made themselves a cup of tea using PG Tips, and there is a huge personality change, they are now well behaved sipping their tea in a very sophisticated manor.The aim of the advert is to convince teens that tea is cool. We hope to get more younger people drinking tea over fizzy drinks or hot chocolates because we found that not many people our age drink tea, we even found that some people had never even tried it!

Production Diary

24/01/13
Today we got in our groups and shared each others ideas and decided we will re advertise PG tips to the younger generation.

The advert idea is to have one continuous shot of someone talking about the stereotypical idea of old people drinking tea, knitting etc. This person is going to be walking along with all these different activities happening in the background.

25/01/13
Today in our groups we discussed and completed a mind map on research for our production. Looking at budgets, deadlines, target audience, technical resources and technical constraints  conditions of reception, market research data and legal and ethical issues.

30/01/13
Today we produced a mini questionnaire to find out if and who drinks tea, and if they have seen any PG Tips adverts and to get opinions on our advert idea.

05/02/13
Today we finished our story board, location recces, and all the legal forms. Talent releases etc. All pre production is finished and up to date, and we are ready to start filming tomorrow morning.

13/02/13
Today we filmed the shots with Sean, so that they were all out of the way whilst Sean was available.

14/02/13
We filmed some classroom shot today, i was involved in the acting today so was strange to be on the other side of the camera!

15/02/13
All shooting was finished today and was uploaded onto the computer ready for editing.

18/02/13 - 22/02/13
Half Term

25/02/13 - 01/03/13
i was unable to attend lessons this week due to illness

PG TIPS - UNILEAVER

PG Tips advert

PG tips is a Unilever brand. The target audience is middle class, homely, middle aged people. We know this because the character in the adverts is a man in his 30s, and we can see from what he's wearing what class he is.

My idea is to target PG tips at teenagers. Because now a days the 'cool' thing is to drink tea. It's known as hipster, tea is hipster. So are triangles. PG tips are triangle, so it perfect! For the ad we could just collect a few 'hipsters' from around college and have them just in a social gathering, very informally and they can just whack out their PG tips and drink tea as if it's the 'cool' 'in' thing to do instead of the usual alcoholic drinks.